PAWPAMPERING.COM / PET CARE GLOSSARY
Dog & cat care terms, made clear.
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View all 231 terms ↓About the author, sources and review status. Updated September 25, 2026.
Choose a topic · 13 areas of pet care
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Suggest a missing term. For a term on your pet’s records, ask the veterinary team to explain it.
A 15 terms
AAFCO
The Association of American Feed Control Officials. Its dog and cat nutrient profiles and feeding-trial procedures are used to support complete-and-balanced food claims.
Read more about AAFCO
In everyday use
Look for the full nutritional adequacy statement. A reference to AAFCO helps explain the claim; it is not a personal recommendation for your pet.
Related terms
Read more: FDA: complete and balanced pet food.
Acute
A term describing a sudden onset or short course. Acute does not, by itself, tell you how severe a condition is.
Read more about Acute
In everyday use
Ask how quickly the condition began and which changes should trigger reassessment.
Related terms
Reference: Merck Veterinary Manual: glossary.
Adoption
Taking a pet into your home permanently from a shelter, rescue, or previous owner.
Read more about Adoption
In everyday use
Before adoption, ask which medical records, microchip details, and behavior notes will transfer with your pet.
Related terms
Adverse reaction
An unwanted or harmful response to a medication, vaccine, food, or other substance.
Read more about Adverse reaction
In everyday use
Ask your veterinarian which changes to report after a new medication and whom to contact outside clinic hours.
Related terms
Further terminology reading: Merck Veterinary Manual: glossary.
Aggression
Threatening or harmful behavior such as growling, snapping, or biting, often driven by fear, pain, or stress.
Read more about Aggression
In everyday use
Describe the setting and what happened before the growl or bite. A label alone does not explain its cause.
Related terms
Reference: Merck Veterinary Manual: behavioral terminology.
Allergen
A substance that can trigger an allergic reaction, such as pollen, dust, or certain food proteins.
Read more about Allergen
In everyday use
An allergen is a trigger; an allergy is the response. Ask how a suspected trigger will be investigated.
Related terms
Further terminology reading: Merck Veterinary Manual: glossary.
Alopecia
Hair loss that can range from small bald patches to larger areas, with many possible causes.
Read more about Alopecia
Also find this with: hair loss, fur loss, bald patches
Say it: al-oh-PEE-shuh (approximate)
In everyday use
This names hair loss, not its cause. Note where thinning started and whether the skin looks different.
Related terms
Further terminology reading: Merck Veterinary Manual: glossary.
Anal glands
Small scent glands near the anus that normally empty during bowel movements and can sometimes become full or irritated.
Read more about Anal glands
In everyday use
Ask whether the concern is gland fullness, inflammation, or another cause of discomfort before choosing a care routine.
Related terms
Further terminology reading: Merck Veterinary Manual: glossary.
Anaphylaxis
EMERGENCY TERMA sudden, severe allergic reaction that can affect breathing and circulation and requires immediate veterinary care.
Read more about Anaphylaxis
What to do now
Suspected anaphylaxis needs emergency veterinary care. Do not wait for every possible symptom to appear.
Related terms
Reference: AVMA: pet first aid (PDF).
Anesthesia
A loss of feeling caused by medicines for a procedure. General anesthesia makes a pet unconscious; local anesthesia numbs a specific area.
Read more about Anesthesia
In everyday use
Ask which type is planned, how pain will be managed, and what monitoring and recovery instructions your pet needs.
Related terms
Read more: VCA: anesthesia for dogs.
Anxiety
A state of worry or unease that can show up as pacing, hiding, vocalizing, or destructive behavior.
Read more about Anxiety
In everyday use
Record what seems to predict the worry, its duration, and how your pet recovers afterward.
Related terms
Reference: Merck Veterinary Manual: behavioral terminology.
Arthritis
Joint inflammation that can cause stiffness, pain, and reduced mobility, especially in older pets.
Read more about Arthritis
In everyday use
Ask how comfort and mobility will be assessed and which changes at home fit your pet’s needs.
Related terms
Further terminology reading: Merck Veterinary Manual: glossary.
Aspiration
A word with two medical meanings: material entering the airway, or drawing fluid or cells out with a needle or suction.
Read more about Aspiration
In everyday use
Ask which meaning applies. A needle sample from a lump and inhaled food are different situations.
Related terms
Read more: Merck Veterinary Manual: glossary.
Atopy
An inherited tendency to develop allergic skin reactions to environmental substances like pollen or dust.
Read more about Atopy
In everyday use
Ask which other causes of itching need checking and how progress will be judged over time.
Related terms
Further terminology reading: Merck Veterinary Manual: glossary.
Automatic feeder
A device that dispenses measured portions of food on a schedule.
Read more about Automatic feeder
In everyday use
Check portion accuracy with the actual food you use. Include a plan for power failure or a missed meal.
Related terms
B 13 terms
Bacterial infection
An illness caused by bacteria, which may affect skin, ears, the urinary tract, or other body systems.
Read more about Bacterial infection
In everyday use
Ask where the infection is, whether testing is needed, and what follow-up the prescribed treatment requires.
Related terms
Further terminology reading: Merck Veterinary Manual: glossary.
Barrier frustration
Frustrated or reactive behavior shown when a dog is held back by a leash, fence, gate, or window.
Read more about Barrier frustration
In everyday use
Note whether the behavior happens at a fence, window, or leash; that context helps explain the pattern.
Related terms
Behavior modification
A structured approach to changing unwanted behavior, often using gradual exposure and positive reinforcement.
Read more about Behavior modification
Also find this with: behaviour modification
In everyday use
A useful plan names the target behavior, the starting point, and an observable way to measure progress.
Related terms
Bilious vomiting
Vomiting yellow bile, often on an empty stomach, which can have several possible causes.
Read more about Bilious vomiting
In everyday use
Describe the timing and appearance to your veterinarian. Yellow vomit alone does not establish the cause.
Related terms
Further terminology reading: Merck Veterinary Manual: glossary.
Biopsy
Taking a small tissue sample so it can be examined to help diagnose a condition.
Read more about Biopsy
In everyday use
Ask which tissue is being sampled, what the test may clarify, and when results should arrive.
Related terms
Further terminology reading: Merck Veterinary Manual: glossary.
Bite inhibition
A dog’s learned ability to control the force of its bite, usually developed in puppyhood.
Read more about Bite inhibition
In everyday use
Ask a qualified trainer how to reward gentle interaction and manage situations where teeth contact skin.
Related terms
Bloat (GDV)
EMERGENCY TERMGastric dilatation-volvulus is an emergency in which a dog’s stomach expands and twists. Bloat is often used for this condition, although stomach expansion can occur without twisting.
Read more about Bloat (GDV)
Also find this with: GDV, gastric dilatation volvulus, bloat, twisted stomach
What to do now
Suspected GDV requires immediate veterinary attention. Do not wait to see whether an enlarged abdomen or unproductive retching settles.
Related terms
Reference: American College of Veterinary Surgeons: gastric dilatation-volvulus.
Boarding
Temporary care for a pet at a facility or sitter’s home while the owner is away.
Read more about Boarding
In everyday use
Confirm medication arrangements, emergency contacts, vaccination requirements, and how the facility handles an unsettled pet.
Related terms
Body condition score
A standardized scale veterinarians use to assess whether a pet is underweight, ideal, or overweight.
Read more about Body condition score
Also find this with: BCS, body score
In everyday use
Ask your veterinarian to demonstrate the scoring method on your pet and record the scale used.
Related terms
Brachycephalic
Describes short-nosed, flat-faced breeds that can be prone to breathing and heat difficulties.
Read more about Brachycephalic
Say it: brak-ee-seh-FAL-ik (approximate)
In everyday use
Ask your veterinarian about your dog’s breathing, heat tolerance, and any travel or anesthesia considerations.
Related terms
Breakaway collar
A collar designed to release under pressure so a cat can free itself if the collar catches on something.
Read more about Breakaway collar
In everyday use
Check how the release works and whether the collar is intended for identification, restraint, or both.
Related terms
Brushing
Running a brush or comb through the coat to remove loose hair, prevent tangles, and spread natural oils.
Read more about Brushing
In everyday use
Match the brush and technique to the coat. More force is not a substitute for the right tool.
Read our guide to choosing an undercoat rake for your dog’s coat.
Related terms
Bunting
When a cat rubs its head or cheeks against people or objects to leave scent marks.
Read more about Bunting
In everyday use
Notice the relaxed or tense body language around the head rub rather than reading one gesture in isolation.
Related terms
C 21 terms
Calorie density
How many calories a food contains per unit of weight or volume.
Read more about Calorie density
In everyday use
Compare calories per measured amount, not package size alone. Ask how treats fit into the daily total.
Related terms
Car sickness
Nausea or vomiting triggered by riding in a vehicle, common in young pets.
Read more about Car sickness
In everyday use
Keep notes on trip length, feeding timing, and signs during travel to discuss before the next journey.
Related terms
Carrier acclimation
Gradually helping a pet feel comfortable spending time in a travel carrier.
Read more about Carrier acclimation
In everyday use
Ask how to divide carrier practice into steps your pet can handle without escalating fear.
Related terms
Catification
Adapting a home with climbing spaces, perches, and hiding spots to suit a cat’s natural behaviors.
Read more about Catification
In everyday use
Think in terms of usable resting, hiding, climbing, and scratching choices, rather than the number of accessories.
Related terms
Catnip
A plant that can cause temporary playful or relaxed behavior in many cats.
Read more about Catnip
In everyday use
Observe your cat’s individual response and choose play items that remain intact during supervised use.
Related terms
Chattering
A rapid teeth-chattering sound cats often make while watching birds or prey they cannot reach.
Read more about Chattering
In everyday use
Record the context, such as watching a bird through glass, when describing this sound.
Related terms
Chew rating
A manufacturer’s guide to how much chewing force a toy or chew is designed to withstand.
Read more about Chew rating
In everyday use
Treat the rating as a manufacturer’s claim. Ask what pet size and chewing style it actually covers.
Related terms
Choking
EMERGENCY TERMWhen an object blocks the airway, making breathing difficult or impossible; this is an emergency.
Read more about Choking
What to do now
Suspected choking is an emergency. Contact an emergency veterinarian immediately for instructions and transport advice.
Related terms
Reference: AVMA: pet first aid (PDF).
Chronic
A term describing a condition that persists or recurs over a long period. Chronic does not mean harmless.
Read more about Chronic
In everyday use
Ask which signs to track over time and what would count as a change from your pet’s usual pattern.
Related terms
Reference: Merck Veterinary Manual: glossary.
Clicker training
Training that uses a small clicking sound to mark the exact moment a pet does something right.
Read more about Clicker training
In everyday use
The click marks a moment; ask your trainer how to pair it with a reward and keep timing consistent.
Related terms
Coat blow
The heavy seasonal shed in double-coated dogs when large amounts of undercoat come loose at once.
Read more about Coat blow
Also find this with: blowing coat, seasonal shed
In everyday use
Need a place to organize care for a double-coated dog? See what the paid Shedding Season Plan includes and decide whether it would help.
Use this term for a heavy seasonal shed. Bald patches or irritated skin need a different explanation.
Read our guide to removing dog hair from a couch.
Related terms
Reference: VCA Animal Hospitals: coat and skin appearance.
Coat impaction
A grooming term for densely packed, retained undercoat that is difficult to work through. It can occur alongside tangling.
Read more about Coat impaction
Also find this with: impacted coat, packed coat
In everyday use
Unsure about the coat? Start with the free coat quiz, then ask a groomer about the coat’s condition. A quiz cannot assess tight mats or discomfort.
Have a groomer assess packed areas; pulling harder is not a plan for a comfortable grooming session.
Related terms
Collar fit
How a collar should sit on the neck: snug enough to stay on, loose enough to fit two fingers underneath.
Read more about Collar fit
In everyday use
Check the maker’s fitting instructions and reassess after growth or weight change. A collar should not slip off easily.
Related terms
Complete blood count (CBC)
A blood test that checks red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. It is one part of assessing a pet’s health.
Read more about Complete blood count (CBC)
In everyday use
Ask what the test showed and how it fits with the examination and other tests. A CBC is different from a blood chemistry panel.
Related terms
Read more: VCA: blood and urine testing for cats.
Compostable
A label meaning a material can break down into compost, though some items require industrial composting facilities.
Read more about Compostable
In everyday use
Check whether the claim requires industrial processing and whether your local facility accepts the item.
Related terms
Reference: FTC: environmental marketing claims.
Conditioned emotional response
A learned emotional reaction to a person, place, sound, or situation based on past experience.
Read more about Conditioned emotional response
In everyday use
Ask what association your pet may have learned and how a training plan will change that association.
Related terms
Coprophagia
The eating of feces, a behavior with several possible behavioral and medical causes.
Read more about Coprophagia
Say it: kop-roh-FAY-jee-uh (approximate)
In everyday use
Tell your veterinarian whose feces are being eaten, how often it happens, and whether it is a new behavior.
Related terms
Counterconditioning
Helping an animal form a different emotional association with something, often by pairing it with a positive experience.
Read more about Counterconditioning
In everyday use
Ask what association the plan aims to change and how rewards will be paired with the trigger.
Related terms
Reference: Merck Veterinary Manual: controlled exposure and behavior modification.
Crate training
Teaching a dog to rest comfortably in a crate, used for house-training, travel, and safe downtime.
Read more about Crate training
In everyday use
A plan should explain how to build comfort gradually and what to do if confinement causes distress.
Related terms
Culture and sensitivity
A lab test that identifies which bacteria are causing an infection and which medications may work against them.
Read more about Culture and sensitivity
In everyday use
Ask what sample is needed and how the laboratory result could affect the treatment choice.
Related terms
Further terminology reading: Merck Veterinary Manual: glossary.
Cytology
Examining cells under a microscope, often from skin, ears, or lumps, to help identify a problem.
Read more about Cytology
In everyday use
Ask what the sampled cells may reveal and whether another test might still be needed.
Related terms
Further terminology reading: Merck Veterinary Manual: glossary.
D 14 terms
Dander
Tiny flakes of skin shed by pets that can carry allergens.
Read more about Dander
In everyday use
Dander refers to skin flakes; shed hair refers to the coat. They are related household concerns but different materials.
Read our guide to removing dog hair from a couch.
Related terms
Dehydration
When the body loses more fluid than it takes in, which can become serious if not corrected.
Read more about Dehydration
In everyday use
Ask your veterinarian how hydration will be assessed. A glossary cannot determine fluid needs for a sick pet.
Related terms
Further terminology reading: Merck Veterinary Manual: glossary.
Dematting
Carefully removing tangled clumps of fur, either by working them out or clipping them away.
Read more about Dematting
In everyday use
This addresses tangles that have formed. Ask a groomer whether working them out or clipping is kinder for this coat.
Related terms
Dental calculus
Hardened plaque (tartar) on teeth that can contribute to gum disease.
Read more about Dental calculus
Also find this with: tartar
In everyday use
Ask your veterinarian to explain the difference between visible tartar and disease that cannot be judged by appearance alone.
Related terms
Further terminology reading: Merck Veterinary Manual: glossary.
Dental disease
A general term for problems affecting the teeth and gums, very common in adult dogs and cats.
Read more about Dental disease
In everyday use
Ask which teeth or tissues are affected and what home care is appropriate after any needed treatment.
Related terms
Further terminology reading: Merck Veterinary Manual: glossary.
Dermatitis
Inflammation of the skin that can cause redness, itching, or flaking.
Read more about Dermatitis
In everyday use
Inflammation describes the skin’s condition; it does not identify whether allergy, infection, or another cause is responsible.
Related terms
Further terminology reading: Merck Veterinary Manual: glossary.
Desensitization
Gradual exposure to a trigger at an intensity the animal can cope with, increasing only as comfort allows.
Read more about Desensitization
Also find this with: desensitisation
In everyday use
A plan should identify a comfortable starting point and when to reduce intensity rather than push ahead.
Related terms
Reference: Merck Veterinary Manual: controlled exposure and behavior modification.
Deshedding
The removal of loose undercoat and shed fur through brushing, bathing, drying, or professional grooming.
Read more about Deshedding
In everyday use
The aim is to remove loose hair, not to thin every coat indiscriminately. Tool choice matters.
Read our guide to choosing an undercoat rake for your dog’s coat.
Related terms
Diarrhea
Loose or frequent stools, which can range from mild and brief to a sign of something more serious.
Read more about Diarrhea
In everyday use
Record frequency, duration, diet changes, and anything unusual in the stool when contacting your veterinarian.
Related terms
Further terminology reading: Merck Veterinary Manual: glossary.
Diet transition
Gradually switching a pet from one food to another to reduce the chance of stomach upset.
Read more about Diet transition
In everyday use
Ask for a transition schedule suited to your pet and what signs should prompt you to call the clinic.
Related terms
Differential diagnosis
The list of possible causes a veterinarian considers while working out what is wrong.
Read more about Differential diagnosis
In everyday use
Ask which possibilities are most likely and which examination or test will help distinguish them.
Related terms
Further terminology reading: Merck Veterinary Manual: glossary.
Distemper
Canine distemper is a serious viral disease of dogs that can affect several body systems. Vaccination helps prevent it.
Read more about Distemper
Also find this with: canine distemper
In everyday use
This entry means canine distemper. The name feline distemper is commonly used for a different disease, panleukopenia.
Related terms
Reference: AVMA: feline panleukopenia and the distemper distinction (PDF).
Double coat
A coat with a soft insulating undercoat beneath a layer of longer guard hairs.
Read more about Double coat
In everyday use
This describes coat structure, not simply length. Learn the difference between the outer guard hairs and soft undercoat.
Read our guide to checking whether your dog has a double coat.
Related terms
Reference: VCA Animal Hospitals: coat and skin appearance.
Dysplasia
Abnormal development of a joint or tissue, most often discussed in hips and elbows.
Read more about Dysplasia
In everyday use
Ask which joint or tissue the word refers to and how that finding relates to your pet’s symptoms.
Related terms
Further terminology reading: Merck Veterinary Manual: glossary.
E 10 terms
E-collar
An abbreviation that can mean an Elizabethan recovery collar (a cone) or an electronic training collar. Here, the care context matters.
Read more about E-collar
Also find this with: cone, Elizabethan collar, recovery cone
In everyday use
Confirm which collar the person means. After surgery, ask the veterinary team which recovery collar or alternative protects the healing area.
Related terms
Ear mites
Tiny parasites that live in the ear canal and cause itching, dark debris, and head shaking.
Read more about Ear mites
In everyday use
Ask how the cause of ear discomfort was identified before choosing a product for the ear.
Related terms
Further terminology reading: Merck Veterinary Manual: glossary.
Edema
Swelling caused by fluid building up in body tissues.
Read more about Edema
In everyday use
Ask where the swelling is and what further assessment is needed to explain the fluid buildup.
Related terms
Further terminology reading: Merck Veterinary Manual: glossary.
Elimination
Urinating or defecating; often used when discussing house-training or litter box habits.
Read more about Elimination
In everyday use
When keeping a care log, record urination and bowel movements separately so changes are easier to describe.
Related terms
Emergency veterinarian
A veterinarian who provides urgent care outside regular clinic hours or for critical situations.
Read more about Emergency veterinarian
In everyday use
Save the clinic’s number, address, hours, and arrival instructions before you need them.
Related terms
Enrichment
Activities and environments that give pets healthy mental and physical stimulation.
Read more about Enrichment
In everyday use
Choose activities around your pet’s interests and abilities, and observe whether the activity is engaging or frustrating.
Related terms
Entropion
A condition where the eyelid rolls inward, letting lashes irritate the surface of the eye.
Read more about Entropion
In everyday use
Ask which eyelid is affected and how your veterinarian will assess irritation of the eye surface.
Related terms
Further terminology reading: Merck Veterinary Manual: glossary.
Environmental allergy
An allergic reaction to things in the surroundings, such as pollen, mold, or dust mites.
Read more about Environmental allergy
In everyday use
Keep a dated record of seasonal patterns and exposures to discuss; a pattern alone does not prove an allergy.
Related terms
Further terminology reading: Merck Veterinary Manual: glossary.
Euthanasia
The humane ending of a pet’s life by a veterinarian to relieve suffering.
Read more about Euthanasia
In everyday use
Ask your veterinarian how comfort, timing, and the procedure will be discussed, including any choices for aftercare.
Related terms
Exercise intolerance
Tiring unusually quickly or struggling with activity that a pet previously handled easily.
Read more about Exercise intolerance
In everyday use
Compare what your pet can do now with their usual activity, and describe any breathing or recovery changes.
Related terms
Further terminology reading: Merck Veterinary Manual: glossary.
F 13 terms
Fear-free handling
Gentle, low-stress handling techniques used to reduce fear during exams and grooming.
Read more about Fear-free handling
In everyday use
Ask which handling adjustments help this individual pet, and how the team will respond if distress increases.
Related terms
Fecal flotation
A lab test that checks a stool sample for parasite eggs.
Read more about Fecal flotation
Also find this with: faecal flotation, fecal test, stool test
In everyday use
Ask how to collect and store the stool sample and what the result can and cannot rule out.
Related terms
Further terminology reading: Merck Veterinary Manual: glossary.
Feline acne
Blocked hair follicles on a cat’s chin that can look like blackheads and sometimes become inflamed.
Read more about Feline acne
In everyday use
Ask whether chin changes need examination and which cleaning routine, if any, is appropriate.
Related terms
Feline lower urinary tract disease
A group of conditions affecting a cat’s bladder and urethra; straining to urinate can be an emergency.
Read more about Feline lower urinary tract disease
Also find this with: FLUTD, LUTS, lower urinary tract signs
In everyday use
FLUTD is a group label, not a single diagnosis. Inability to pass urine needs emergency veterinary attention.
Related terms
Reference: Cornell Feline Health Center: lower urinary tract disease.
Feline panleukopenia
A contagious viral disease of cats, sometimes called feline distemper. It is caused by a different virus from canine distemper.
Read more about Feline panleukopenia
Also find this with: feline distemper, FPV
In everyday use
Keep the full disease name in care records so canine distemper and feline panleukopenia are not confused.
Related terms
Reference: AVMA: feline panleukopenia and the distemper distinction (PDF).
Flea dirt
Flea droppings that look like black specks in the coat and turn reddish when dampened.
Read more about Flea dirt
In everyday use
Show the specks and any skin changes to your veterinary team when discussing flea control.
Related terms
Flea prevention
Products and routines used to keep fleas from infesting pets and the home.
Read more about Flea prevention
In everyday use
Confirm species, weight range, dosing interval, and compatibility with other products with your veterinary team.
Related terms
Food allergy
An immune reaction to an ingredient in food, often showing up as itching or digestive upset.
Read more about Food allergy
In everyday use
Ask how a suspected food allergy will be investigated before repeatedly changing foods or adding supplements.
Related terms
Food puzzle
A toy or feeder that makes a pet work for food, providing mental stimulation.
Read more about Food puzzle
In everyday use
Choose a difficulty that lets your pet succeed, and include the food used in the daily feeding plan.
Related terms
Food-contact material
Any material in a bowl, feeder, or container that touches a pet’s food or water.
Read more about Food-contact material
In everyday use
Check cleaning instructions, replacement guidance, and whether damaged surfaces remain suitable for food use.
Related terms
Foster
Temporarily caring for a pet in your home until it is ready for adoption.
Read more about Foster
In everyday use
Clarify who authorizes veterinary care, pays expenses, and makes adoption decisions before the placement begins.
Related terms
Fragrance-free
A label meaning no added fragrance, which some owners prefer for sensitive pets.
Read more about Fragrance-free
In everyday use
Read the ingredient list and intended use as well as the front label when comparing grooming products.
Related terms
Free feeding
Leaving food available at all times rather than offering measured meals.
Read more about Free feeding
In everyday use
Ask how to monitor individual intake, especially in a home where more than one animal shares food access.
Related terms
G 6 terms
Gastrointestinal upset
A general term for stomach or intestinal disturbance, such as vomiting or diarrhea.
Read more about Gastrointestinal upset
In everyday use
This is a broad description. Specify vomiting, diarrhea, appetite change, or another observation when calling the clinic.
Related terms
Further terminology reading: Merck Veterinary Manual: glossary.
Gingivitis
Inflammation of the gums, often an early stage of dental disease.
Read more about Gingivitis
In everyday use
Ask which home dental routine is suitable and when the gums should be rechecked.
Related terms
Further terminology reading: Merck Veterinary Manual: glossary.
Greenwashing
Marketing that makes a product seem more environmentally friendly than it really is.
Read more about Greenwashing
In everyday use
Look for a specific, verifiable claim about a material or process instead of relying on words such as green.
Related terms
Reference: FTC: environmental marketing claims.
Grooming
The routine care of a pet’s coat, skin, nails, ears, and hygiene.
Read more about Grooming
In everyday use
Separate coat maintenance from skin concerns. A grooming appointment does not replace assessment of new sores or hair loss.
Related terms
Reference: VCA Animal Hospitals: coat and skin appearance.
Growling
A low warning sound that communicates discomfort; punishing it can remove a useful warning sign.
Read more about Growling
In everyday use
Record what happened just before the warning and give the pet space while seeking suitable behavior support.
Related terms
Guard hair
The longer, coarser outer hairs that protect the softer undercoat and skin.
Read more about Guard hair
In everyday use
These are outer-coat hairs. Compare their position with the softer undercoat in the coat diagram.
Read our guide to checking whether your dog has a double coat.
Related terms
Reference: VCA Animal Hospitals: coat and skin appearance.
H 11 terms
Hairball
A clump of swallowed fur that a cat may bring up. Repeated gagging, coughing, or vomiting should not automatically be assumed to be hairballs.
Read more about Hairball
In everyday use
Describe what you saw rather than assuming every gag or cough is a hairball; a video may help your veterinarian.
Related terms
Harness
Walking gear that fits around the body instead of the neck, often used for dogs and some cats.
Read more about Harness
In everyday use
Check fit in motion as well as standing still, and follow the manufacturer’s guidance on restraint use.
Related terms
Heartworm
A serious parasite spread by mosquitoes that lives in the heart and lungs; prevention is far easier than treatment.
Read more about Heartworm
In everyday use
Ask about locally appropriate prevention, testing, and what to do after a missed preventive dose.
Related terms
Further terminology reading: Merck Veterinary Manual: glossary.
Heatstroke
EMERGENCY TERMA dangerous rise in body temperature, often from heat or overexertion, that requires immediate veterinary care.
Read more about Heatstroke
What to do now
Suspected heatstroke needs emergency veterinary care. Call immediately for cooling and transport instructions.
Related terms
Reference: AVMA: pet first aid (PDF).
Hematoma
A pocket of blood under the skin, commonly seen in ear flaps after head shaking.
Read more about Hematoma
In everyday use
A hematoma is a collection of blood, not simply a synonym for every lump or swelling.
Related terms
Further terminology reading: Merck Veterinary Manual: glossary.
Hepatic
Relating to the liver.
Read more about Hepatic
In everyday use
This word identifies the liver. Ask what the full phrase means in the context of a particular report.
Related terms
Further terminology reading: Merck Veterinary Manual: glossary.
Hip dysplasia
A developmental condition where the hip joint fits loosely, which can lead to pain and arthritis.
Read more about Hip dysplasia
In everyday use
Ask how the joint findings relate to comfort and mobility and which follow-up is recommended.
Related terms
Further terminology reading: Merck Veterinary Manual: glossary.
Home euthanasia
Euthanasia performed by a veterinarian in the pet’s home rather than at a clinic.
Read more about Home euthanasia
In everyday use
Ask about service area, appointment availability, what the visit involves, and aftercare arrangements.
Related terms
House-training
Teaching a dog to relieve itself outdoors or in a designated spot.
Read more about House-training
Also find this with: housetraining, house training
In everyday use
Agree on the same toilet opportunities, supervision, and reward timing across everyone caring for the dog.
Related terms
Hydration
Keeping enough fluid in the body; fresh water should always be available.
Read more about Hydration
In everyday use
Track changes in drinking and urination together so you can describe the pattern to your veterinarian.
Related terms
Hypoallergenic
A label suggesting something is less likely to cause allergies; no pet or product is truly allergen-free.
Read more about Hypoallergenic
In everyday use
Ask what the label specifically claims and what evidence supports it. It is not a guarantee against a reaction.
Related terms
I 7 terms
Inappropriate elimination
Urinating or defecating outside the litter box or designated area, which can have medical or behavioral causes.
Read more about Inappropriate elimination
In everyday use
Describe the location, frequency, and whether urine or stool is involved before assuming a training problem.
Related terms
Indoor cat
A cat that lives entirely inside the home, which generally reduces exposure to injury and disease.
Read more about Indoor cat
In everyday use
Plan opportunities for climbing, scratching, hiding, and play as part of an indoor cat’s daily environment.
Related terms
Ingredient panel
The part of a pet food label listing ingredients in order by weight.
Read more about Ingredient panel
In everyday use
Use the list alongside the nutritional-adequacy statement and feeding information, rather than judging one ingredient in isolation.
Related terms
Reference: Cornell Feline Health Center: feeding your cat.
Intact
Describes a pet that has not been spayed or neutered.
Read more about Intact
In everyday use
Confirm reproductive status in medical, boarding, and adoption records; do not infer it from appearance alone.
Related terms
Interactive toy
A toy designed to engage a pet’s mind or body, often involving movement or food rewards.
Read more about Interactive toy
In everyday use
Check what makes the toy interactive and whether the pet can use it safely with the planned supervision.
Related terms
Intervertebral disc disease
A spinal condition where the cushioning discs between vertebrae bulge or rupture, sometimes affecting walking.
Read more about Intervertebral disc disease
Also find this with: IVDD
In everyday use
IVDD is the common abbreviation. Ask your veterinarian which movement changes require urgent reassessment.
Related terms
Further terminology reading: Merck Veterinary Manual: glossary.
Itching
The urge to scratch, which can come from allergies, parasites, skin infections, or other causes.
Read more about Itching
Also find this with: itch, itchy
In everyday use
Record whether the behavior is scratching, licking, rubbing, or chewing and which areas are affected.
Related terms
Further terminology reading: Merck Veterinary Manual: glossary.
J 3 terms
Joint support
A general term for care aimed at keeping joints comfortable, often discussed for aging pets.
Read more about Joint support
In everyday use
Ask what each proposed measure is intended to do and how its benefit will be evaluated for your pet.
Related terms
Further terminology reading: Merck Veterinary Manual: glossary.
Jumping
Leaping up on people or furniture; often addressed with calm, consistent training.
Read more about Jumping
In everyday use
Define the behavior you want instead, such as keeping paws on the floor during greetings.
Related terms
Juvenile behavior
Normal young-animal behaviors such as play biting, chewing, and high energy.
Read more about Juvenile behavior
In everyday use
Discuss which behaviors fit your pet’s developmental stage and which need an individualized training or medical assessment.
Related terms
K 5 terms
Kennel cough
A contagious respiratory infection that causes a harsh, honking cough, often picked up where dogs gather.
Read more about Kennel cough
In everyday use
Ask about examination, contact with other dogs, and the return-to-group-care plan if coughing develops.
Related terms
Further terminology reading: Merck Veterinary Manual: glossary.
Keratin
The protein that makes up hair, claws, and the outer layer of skin.
Read more about Keratin
In everyday use
This names a structural protein. A product using the word still needs its own clear ingredients and use instructions.
Related terms
Kibble
Dry, pelleted pet food.
Read more about Kibble
In everyday use
Compare portion guidance and calories for the actual formula; equal scoops of different foods need not be equivalent.
Related terms
Kitten-proofing
Making a home safe for a curious kitten by removing hazards like cords, toxic plants, and small swallowable objects.
Read more about Kitten-proofing
In everyday use
Check the home from floor level and revisit hazards as the kitten becomes able to climb and open things.
Related terms
Kneading
The rhythmic pushing of paws against soft surfaces, a comforting behavior carried over from kittenhood.
Read more about Kneading
In everyday use
Notice the setting and overall body language when your cat presses its paws rhythmically into a surface.
Related terms
L 8 terms
Laryngeal paralysis
A condition where the voice box cannot open properly, making breathing noisy or difficult.
Read more about Laryngeal paralysis
In everyday use
Ask what breathing changes require emergency care and how activity or weather affects your pet’s management plan.
Related terms
Further terminology reading: Merck Veterinary Manual: glossary.
Leash reactivity
Barking, lunging, or pulling toward other dogs or people while on leash, often driven by frustration or fear.
Read more about Leash reactivity
In everyday use
Record trigger, distance, and recovery time. Those details are more useful than calling a dog simply bad on leash.
Related terms
Lick mat
A textured mat spread with soft food to encourage calm licking.
Read more about Lick mat
Also find this with: licking mat
In everyday use
Check food suitability, cleaning instructions, and whether your pet licks the surface or tries to chew pieces off.
Related terms
Life stage
A phase of life such as kitten, adult, or senior, used to guide nutrition and care.
Read more about Life stage
In everyday use
Ask how age, species, breed or size, and health affect recommendations for this individual pet.
Related terms
Read more: FDA: complete and balanced pet food.
Line brushing
A grooming technique that works through small, parted sections of coat rather than brushing only the surface.
Read more about Line brushing
In everyday use
Ask a groomer to show the section size and technique suited to your pet before trying it on a tangled coat.
Unsure about the coat? Start with the free coat quiz, then ask a groomer about the coat’s condition. A quiz cannot assess tight mats or discomfort.
Related terms
Litter box aversion
When a cat avoids the litter box, often due to location, cleanliness, litter type, stress, or a medical issue.
Read more about Litter box aversion
In everyday use
Track box use and any straining. A change in toilet habits deserves assessment before being treated as preference alone.
Related terms
Reference: Cornell Feline Health Center: lower urinary tract disease.
Litter tracking
Litter granules carried out of the box on a cat’s paws and scattered around the home.
Read more about Litter tracking
In everyday use
Observe where granules leave the box and which surfaces collect them before changing the whole setup.
Related terms
Lost pet
A pet that has gone missing; microchips, ID tags, and quick reporting improve the chances of reunion.
Read more about Lost pet
In everyday use
Keep identification details and a recent photo accessible, and check that the microchip registration contact information is current.
Related terms
M 7 terms
Machine washable
A label meaning an item can be cleaned in a washing machine, useful for beds and blankets.
Read more about Machine washable
In everyday use
Check temperature, detergent restrictions, drying instructions, and whether covers and inserts have different care requirements.
Related terms
Mange
Skin disease caused by mites, leading to itching and hair loss.
Read more about Mange
In everyday use
Ask which mite is involved, how it was identified, and whether other animals or people need precautions.
Related terms
Further terminology reading: Merck Veterinary Manual: glossary.
Matting
Tangled clumps of fur that can pull on the skin and hide irritation underneath.
Read more about Matting
In everyday use
Mats are tangles, not loose shed hair. Ask a groomer about comfortable removal rather than pulling through resistance.
Unsure about the coat? Start with the free coat quiz, then ask a groomer about the coat’s condition. A quiz cannot assess tight mats or discomfort.
Related terms
Medication
Any drug prescribed or recommended for a pet; only give medications directed by a veterinarian.
Read more about Medication
Also find this with: medicine, medications
In everyday use
Keep the medicine name, strength, dose instructions, and prescribing clinic together; clarify any label you do not understand.
Related terms
Further terminology reading: Merck Veterinary Manual: glossary.
Microchip
A tiny chip placed under the skin with an ID number that links a lost pet back to its owner.
Read more about Microchip
In everyday use
The chip number and the registration record work together. Ask how to update the contact details after a move or adoption.
Related terms
Motion sickness
Nausea caused by movement, most often during car travel.
Read more about Motion sickness
In everyday use
Use this term when discussing travel-related nausea, and describe any fear or agitation separately.
Related terms
Muzzle training
Teaching a dog to comfortably wear a basket muzzle so it can be used calmly when needed for safety.
Read more about Muzzle training
In everyday use
Ask a qualified professional about fit, gradual introduction, and situations where the muzzle is appropriate.
Related terms
N 6 terms
Nail quick
The blood vessel and nerve inside a nail; cutting into it causes pain and bleeding.
Read more about Nail quick
In everyday use
Ask a groomer or veterinary team to demonstrate how they identify safe trimming limits for your pet.
Related terms
Neuter
Surgical removal of a male pet’s testicles, preventing reproduction.
Read more about Neuter
In everyday use
Ask what procedure is planned, how timing is chosen, and which recovery instructions apply.
Related terms
No-rinse grooming
Cleaning products such as foams or wipes used without a full bath.
Read more about No-rinse grooming
Also find this with: no rinse, dry shampoo
In everyday use
Read whether the product is intended for your species, coat, and body area before applying it.
Related terms
Non-slip backing
A grippy underside on mats, beds, or bowls that helps keep them in place.
Read more about Non-slip backing
In everyday use
Check grip on the actual floor and reassess after washing or wear; the label is not a guarantee on every surface.
Related terms
Nutritional adequacy
Whether a food supplies the nutrients needed for the species and life stage named on its label.
Read more about Nutritional adequacy
Also find this with: complete and balanced
In everyday use
Find the nutritional adequacy statement, usually on the back or side. Check which species and life stage it covers.
Related terms
Read more: FDA: complete and balanced pet food.
Nystagmus
Involuntary, rhythmic eye movements that can signal a balance or neurological problem.
Read more about Nystagmus
Say it: nih-STAG-mus (approximate)
In everyday use
Describe the eye movement and any balance changes to your veterinarian; do not try to assign the cause from the term.
Related terms
Further terminology reading: Merck Veterinary Manual: glossary.
O 7 terms
Obesity
Carrying excess body fat, which raises the risk of joint, heart, and metabolic problems.
Read more about Obesity
In everyday use
Ask for an individualized weight plan and a way to monitor body condition as well as the scale reading.
Related terms
Further terminology reading: Merck Veterinary Manual: glossary.
Odor
Smell from a pet or its environment; a sudden or strong change in odor can be worth a veterinary check.
Read more about Odor
In everyday use
Describe where the smell comes from and whether it changed suddenly, especially when skin or ear signs accompany it.
Related terms
Omega-3 fatty acids
Fats found in fish oil and some foods, often discussed in relation to skin, coat, and joint health.
Read more about Omega-3 fatty acids
In everyday use
Ask whether supplementation is appropriate, which product was intended, and how it fits the current diet and medicines.
Related terms
Onychodystrophy
Abnormal nail growth or nail deformity, which can have several underlying causes.
Read more about Onychodystrophy
In everyday use
This describes abnormal nails. Ask which underlying causes are being considered and how the nails should be managed meanwhile.
Related terms
Further terminology reading: Merck Veterinary Manual: glossary.
Oral hygiene
Care of the teeth and gums, including brushing and veterinary dental checks.
Read more about Oral hygiene
In everyday use
Ask which home-care tools your pet can tolerate and how professional dental assessment fits the routine.
Related terms
Otitis
Inflammation or infection of the ear, often causing head shaking, odor, or scratching.
Read more about Otitis
Also find this with: ear infection
Say it: oh-TYE-tis (approximate)
In everyday use
Ask which part of the ear is affected and whether a sample or other examination is needed.
Related terms
Further terminology reading: Merck Veterinary Manual: glossary.
Overstimulation
When excitement or sensory input becomes too much, leading to nipping, zooming, or withdrawal.
Read more about Overstimulation
In everyday use
Note how activity builds and what early signals appear before your pet becomes unable to settle.
Related terms
P 15 terms
Palliative care
Care focused on comfort and quality of life for pets with serious or terminal illness.
Read more about Palliative care
In everyday use
Ask which comfort goals matter most, how they will be monitored, and whom to call when needs change.
Related terms
Parasite
An organism that lives on or inside a pet, such as fleas, ticks, or intestinal worms.
Read more about Parasite
In everyday use
Ask which parasite is being discussed, how exposure occurs, and which prevention or testing plan applies.
Related terms
Further terminology reading: Merck Veterinary Manual: glossary.
Paw balm
A moisturizing product applied to paw pads to soothe dryness or cracking.
Read more about Paw balm
In everyday use
Check species suitability, ingredients, licking guidance, and whether the paw change needs assessment before using a product.
Related terms
Pet insurance
A policy that helps cover veterinary costs, with coverage and exclusions varying by provider.
Read more about Pet insurance
In everyday use
Read waiting periods, exclusions, reimbursement terms, and the insurer’s definition of a pre-existing condition before relying on coverage.
Related terms
Pheromone
Natural chemical signals animals release; synthetic versions are used in some calming products.
Read more about Pheromone
In everyday use
Ask what behavior the product is intended to support and how you will judge whether the overall plan is helping.
Related terms
Pica
Eating non-food items such as fabric, plastic, or litter, which can be dangerous.
Read more about Pica
In everyday use
Record which non-food objects are sought or swallowed. Suspected ingestion needs veterinary advice, not just a training label.
Related terms
Further terminology reading: Merck Veterinary Manual: glossary.
Picky eater
A pet that frequently refuses food; a sudden loss of appetite is worth a veterinary check.
Read more about Picky eater
In everyday use
Describe a change from usual appetite separately from a long-standing food preference when speaking with your veterinarian.
Related terms
Pin brush
A brush with relatively widely spaced pins, often used to work through longer coats. It differs from a densely wired slicker brush.
Read more about Pin brush
In everyday use
Compare the actual pin spacing and finish rather than relying on the product name alone.
Read our guide to choosing an undercoat rake for your dog’s coat.
Related terms
Reference: American Kennel Club: grooming tools and supplies.
Poisoning
EMERGENCY TERMHarm caused by swallowing, inhaling, or touching a toxic substance; suspected poisoning is an emergency.
Read more about Poisoning
What to do now
Call a veterinarian or animal poison service promptly after suspected exposure. Keep the packaging available and avoid unadvised home remedies.
Related terms
Reference: FDA: potentially dangerous items for pets.
Positive reinforcement
Rewarding behavior you want to see more of, the foundation of modern humane training.
Read more about Positive reinforcement
Also find this with: reward based, R+
In everyday use
Name the behavior you are rewarding and deliver the reward consistently enough for your pet to make the connection.
Related terms
Potty training
Another term for house-training a dog to relieve itself in the right place.
Read more about Potty training
Also find this with: toilet training
In everyday use
This is the everyday name for house-training. Use the same plan and cues across family members and carers.
Related terms
Prognosis
A veterinarian’s informed expectation of how a condition is likely to progress.
Read more about Prognosis
In everyday use
Ask what the likely range of outcomes is, what remains uncertain, and which findings could change the outlook.
Related terms
Further terminology reading: Merck Veterinary Manual: glossary.
Pruritus
The medical term for itching.
Read more about Pruritus
Also find this with: itch, itchy, itchiness
Say it: proo-RYE-tus (approximate)
In everyday use
Pruritus means itching. Record the actual behaviors and affected areas rather than treating the word as a diagnosis.
Related terms
Further terminology reading: Merck Veterinary Manual: glossary.
Purring
The rhythmic vibrating sound cats make, usually when content but sometimes when stressed or unwell.
Read more about Purring
In everyday use
Consider posture, appetite, activity, and the situation alongside the sound when describing your cat’s behavior.
Related terms
Pyometra
EMERGENCY TERMA serious uterine infection in unspayed females that can become life-threatening.
Read more about Pyometra
Say it: pie-oh-MEE-truh (approximate)
What to do now
Pyometra is a medical emergency. Suspected illness in an unspayed female warrants prompt veterinary contact; do not wait a day.
Related terms
Reference: American College of Veterinary Surgeons: pyometra.
Q 3 terms
Quality of life
An overall assessment of a pet’s comfort, enjoyment, and ability to do the things it values.
Read more about Quality of life
In everyday use
Ask which activities and comfort measures to track for your pet and how those observations will inform care decisions.
Related terms
Quarantine
Keeping a pet separated from others for a period to prevent the spread of illness.
Read more about Quarantine
In everyday use
Confirm the reason, duration, separation arrangements, and criteria for ending quarantine with the responsible veterinary or shelter team.
Related terms
Quiet space
A calm, low-traffic area where a pet can retreat and rest undisturbed.
Read more about Quiet space
In everyday use
Choose a place where your pet can rest without being pursued or repeatedly disturbed.
Related terms
R 10 terms
Radiograph
Another name for an X-ray image.
Read more about Radiograph
Also find this with: x-ray image
In everyday use
A radiograph is the image produced by an X-ray examination. Ask what the image can answer in this case.
Related terms
Further terminology reading: Merck Veterinary Manual: glossary.
Reactivity
An intense response to a trigger such as another dog, a person, or a sound.
Read more about Reactivity
In everyday use
Describe the response and its trigger. Reactivity is a behavior description, not a complete explanation of motivation.
Related terms
Reference: Merck Veterinary Manual: behavioral terminology.
Recall
Training a dog to come reliably when called.
Read more about Recall
In everyday use
Ask how to practice at a level your dog can succeed at before adding distractions or distance.
Related terms
Recovery suit
A soft garment worn after surgery to protect a healing area, sometimes used instead of an e-collar.
Read more about Recovery suit
In everyday use
Ask whether the suit protects the specific healing site and how to inspect that site without disrupting recovery.
Related terms
Recyclable
A label meaning a material can be recycled, though local recycling acceptance varies.
Read more about Recyclable
In everyday use
Check the material and your local collection rules. A recycling symbol does not establish local acceptance.
Related terms
Reference: FTC: environmental marketing claims.
Recycled content
Material in a product that came from previously used materials rather than new raw resources.
Read more about Recycled content
In everyday use
Look for the percentage and material being described, and distinguish recycled content from recyclability after use.
Related terms
Reference: FTC: environmental marketing claims.
Refillable
Designed to be refilled and reused rather than thrown away after one use.
Read more about Refillable
In everyday use
Check whether replacement refills are available and whether the container can be cleaned and reused as directed.
Related terms
Reference: FTC: environmental marketing claims.
Reinforced stitching
Extra-strong seams intended to help toys, beds, and gear hold up to wear.
Read more about Reinforced stitching
In everyday use
Inspect the seams during use; stronger stitching does not make a toy or bed immune to damage.
Related terms
Resource guarding
Defensive behavior around food, toys, resting spots, or people a dog wants to keep to itself.
Read more about Resource guarding
In everyday use
Tell the behavior professional what is guarded and who approaches. Avoid setting up confrontations to test the behavior.
Related terms
Routine
A predictable daily pattern of feeding, exercise, and rest that helps many pets feel secure.
Read more about Routine
In everyday use
Write down the pattern that matters most: meals, medication, walks, toilet opportunities, and rest.
Related terms
S 16 terms
Scratching
A normal cat behavior for marking and claw care, best redirected to appropriate scratching surfaces.
Read more about Scratching
In everyday use
For cats, compare available scratching surfaces, locations, and preferences before choosing a redirection plan.
Related terms
Sedation
Using medicine to make a pet calmer and less alert. The depth varies; sedation is not the same as general anesthesia.
Read more about Sedation
In everyday use
Ask how sleepy your pet is expected to be and whether separate pain relief is needed.
Related terms
Read more: VCA: sedation and anesthesia.
Seizure
URGENT VETERINARY ADVICEAn episode caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain. Contact a veterinarian immediately if your pet has a seizure.
Read more about Seizure
What to do now
Keep the area clear, time the episode if safe, and contact a veterinarian immediately. Do not restrain your pet or put anything in their mouth. Follow any seizure plan your vet has provided.
Related terms
Read more: AVMA: pet first aid.
Senior pet
An older pet, typically needing more frequent health checks and some adjustments at home.
Read more about Senior pet
In everyday use
Ask which changes should be tracked as your pet ages and how follow-up frequency should be individualized.
Related terms
Separation anxiety
Distress shown when a dog is left alone, such as barking, destruction, or house-soiling.
Read more about Separation anxiety
In everyday use
Discuss what happens during absences, how soon it begins, and any recordings with your veterinarian or behavior professional.
Related terms
Shedding
The natural loss of old or loose hair, which varies by coat type and season.
Read more about Shedding
Also find this with: moulting, molting
In everyday use
Need a place to organize care for a double-coated dog? See what the paid Shedding Season Plan includes and decide whether it would help.
Loose hair on a brush differs from thinning or bald areas on the pet. Note skin changes separately.
Read our guide to removing dog hair from a couch.
Related terms
Reference: VCA Animal Hospitals: coat and skin appearance.
Single coat
A coat without a distinct dense undercoat beneath its outer hairs. Coat length alone does not establish whether a dog has one or two layers.
Read more about Single coat
In everyday use
Ask for help identifying the coat structure before choosing a deshedding tool.
Read our guide to checking whether your dog has a double coat.
Related terms
Reference: VCA Animal Hospitals: coat and skin appearance.
Skin barrier
The skin’s protective outer layer, which helps keep moisture in and irritants out.
Read more about Skin barrier
In everyday use
Ask how the skin concern affects product choices and whether the current bathing routine should change.
Related terms
Further terminology reading: Merck Veterinary Manual: glossary.
Slicker brush
A brush with closely spaced fine wire pins, used for coat maintenance and tangles where appropriate to the coat.
Read more about Slicker brush
In everyday use
Ask a groomer to demonstrate light pressure and the right pin length for your pet.
Read our guide to choosing an undercoat rake for your dog’s coat.
Related terms
Reference: American Kennel Club: grooming tools and supplies.
Slow blink
A relaxed, slow closing of the eyes that cats use as a friendly signal.
Read more about Slow blink
In everyday use
Observe the whole interaction and give your cat a choice about whether to approach.
Related terms
Slow feeder
A bowl or puzzle designed to make a pet eat more slowly.
Read more about Slow feeder
In everyday use
Check that the design suits your pet’s size and food, and watch for frustration or attempts to chew it.
Related terms
Socialization
Gently introducing a young animal to people, animals, places, and sounds so it grows up confident.
Read more about Socialization
In everyday use
Ask how to introduce experiences at a comfortable intensity while following your veterinarian’s health precautions.
Related terms
Spay
Surgical removal of a female pet’s ovaries and usually the uterus, preventing reproduction.
Read more about Spay
In everyday use
Ask what surgery is planned, what recovery involves, and which changes afterward require a call.
Related terms
Spraying
Urine marking on vertical surfaces, often linked to stress, territory, or intact status.
Read more about Spraying
In everyday use
Describe the posture, surface, and amount of urine; those details help distinguish marking from other toilet changes.
Related terms
Stress signals
Body language clues such as lip licking, yawning, or tucked posture that show a pet is uncomfortable.
Read more about Stress signals
In everyday use
Look for patterns and context rather than interpreting a single yawn or lick as proof of distress.
Related terms
Supervised use
A label meaning an item should only be used while the owner is watching.
Read more about Supervised use
In everyday use
Decide what active supervision means for the item and remove it if it becomes damaged or unsuitable.
Related terms
T 9 terms
Tapeworm
An intestinal parasite often spread by fleas, sometimes seen as rice-like segments near the tail.
Read more about Tapeworm
In everyday use
Ask which test or finding supports the diagnosis and how prevention should address the source of exposure.
Related terms
Further terminology reading: Merck Veterinary Manual: glossary.
Tear stains
Reddish-brown discoloration under the eyes, common in some breeds and usually cosmetic.
Read more about Tear stains
In everyday use
Ask whether staining is only a coat issue or whether the eye and surrounding skin need assessment.
Related terms
Tear-resistant
A label meaning a fabric or material is designed to resist ripping, though no material is indestructible.
Read more about Tear-resistant
In everyday use
Compare the intended use and limitations; resistance to tearing is not the same as being chew-proof.
Related terms
Tick check
Running your hands over the coat after outdoor time to find and remove ticks early.
Read more about Tick check
In everyday use
Ask your veterinary team to demonstrate safe tick removal and discuss the prevention plan for your area.
Related terms
Titer
A blood test that measures antibody levels to help assess immunity to certain diseases.
Read more about Titer
In everyday use
Ask which antibodies were measured and how the result will inform your pet’s vaccination plan.
Related terms
Further terminology reading: Merck Veterinary Manual: glossary.
Tooth brushing
Brushing a pet’s teeth with pet-safe toothpaste to support dental health.
Read more about Tooth brushing
In everyday use
Ask for a gradual introduction and technique suited to your pet’s mouth and tolerance.
Related terms
Toxin exposure
URGENT VETERINARY ADVICEContact with a harmful substance, such as certain foods, plants, medications, or chemicals.
Read more about Toxin exposure
What to do now
Identify the substance, estimated amount, timing, and route of contact when calling for urgent veterinary advice.
Related terms
Reference: FDA: potentially dangerous items for pets.
Training threshold
The point at which a trigger becomes too intense for a dog to stay calm and learn.
Read more about Training threshold
In everyday use
Track the intensity or distance at which your dog can still respond comfortably, rather than pushing until a reaction occurs.
Related terms
Travel carrier
A secure container used to transport a pet safely.
Read more about Travel carrier
In everyday use
Check dimensions, ventilation, closure security, weight limits, and the rules of the transport provider.
Related terms
U 8 terms
Ultrasound
An imaging test that uses sound waves to look at organs inside the body.
Read more about Ultrasound
In everyday use
Ask which organs are being examined and what preparation is required for the particular scan.
Related terms
Further terminology reading: Merck Veterinary Manual: glossary.
Undercoat
The soft, dense layer of fur beneath the outer coat that provides insulation.
Read more about Undercoat
Also find this with: under coat
In everyday use
This is the softer layer beneath guard hairs. A thick coat may conceal tangles even when the surface looks smooth.
Read our guide to choosing an undercoat rake for your dog’s coat.
Related terms
Reference: VCA Animal Hospitals: coat and skin appearance.
Undercoat rake
A grooming tool with spaced teeth designed to reach loose undercoat in suitable coats. Designs vary, including tools with cutting edges.
Read more about Undercoat rake
Also find this with: undercoat comb, rake brush
In everyday use
Check tooth design, coat suitability, and technique before choosing one. A rake is not automatically suitable for every thick-looking coat.
Read our guide to choosing an undercoat rake for your dog’s coat.
Want to organize routine care for a double-coated dog? The paid Shedding Season Plan collects guidance and printable cards. See the contents to decide whether it fits your needs.
Related terms
Reference: American Kennel Club: grooming tools and supplies.
Upcycled materials
Materials reused in a new product in a way that gives them a second life.
Read more about Upcycled materials
In everyday use
Ask what the original material was and how it was converted; this claim does not by itself establish pet suitability.
Related terms
Urinalysis
A lab test of urine that helps assess kidney function, hydration, and urinary health.
Read more about Urinalysis
Also find this with: urine test, UA
In everyday use
Ask how the sample should be collected and how timing or storage might affect its usefulness.
Related terms
Further terminology reading: Merck Veterinary Manual: glossary.
Urinary blockage
EMERGENCY TERMA blockage that stops a pet from urinating; this is life-threatening and needs immediate care.
Read more about Urinary blockage
Also find this with: urethral obstruction, cannot pee, cannot urinate
What to do now
A pet unable to pass urine needs emergency veterinary care. Do not assume straining is constipation or wait for it to resolve.
Related terms
Reference: Cornell Feline Health Center: lower urinary tract disease.
Urine marking
Depositing small amounts of urine to communicate territory or status.
Read more about Urine marking
In everyday use
Record posture, location, and timing, and seek assessment for a new change before assuming territory is the cause.
Related terms
Urticaria
Hives: raised, itchy welts on the skin, often from an allergic reaction.
Read more about Urticaria
Say it: ur-tih-KAIR-ee-uh (approximate)
In everyday use
Tell your veterinarian when the welts appeared and about recent exposures; breathing difficulty or collapse is an emergency.
Related terms
Further terminology reading: Merck Veterinary Manual: glossary.
V 6 terms
Vaccination schedule
The timing plan for a pet’s vaccines, set with a veterinarian based on age and lifestyle.
Read more about Vaccination schedule
In everyday use
Keep actual administration dates and clinic records together rather than relying only on a future reminder.
Related terms
Further terminology reading: Merck Veterinary Manual: glossary.
Vaccine
A preparation that trains the immune system to recognize and fight a specific disease.
Read more about Vaccine
In everyday use
Ask what the vaccine protects against and how your pet’s health, age, and exposure affect the recommendation.
Related terms
Further terminology reading: Merck Veterinary Manual: glossary.
Veterinarian
A licensed doctor who diagnoses and treats animals.
Read more about Veterinarian
Also find this with: vet
In everyday use
Bring a concise history, current medicines, and your main questions so the consultation can focus on your pet’s needs.
Related terms
Further terminology reading: Merck Veterinary Manual: glossary.
Veterinary behaviorist
A veterinarian with advanced training in animal behavior who treats complex behavior problems.
Read more about Veterinary behaviorist
In everyday use
Ask about credentials, referral requirements, and how medical and behavior care will be coordinated.
Related terms
Veterinary technician
A trained professional who assists veterinarians with nursing care, tests, and procedures.
Read more about Veterinary technician
Also find this with: vet tech
In everyday use
Ask whom to contact for nursing questions, demonstrations, and updates, and which questions require the veterinarian.
Related terms
Further terminology reading: Merck Veterinary Manual: glossary.
Vomiting
Forcefully bringing up stomach contents; repeated or severe vomiting warrants a veterinary call.
Read more about Vomiting
In everyday use
Describe frequency, appearance, and what happened beforehand. A video can help distinguish events that look similar.
Related terms
Further terminology reading: Merck Veterinary Manual: glossary.
W 10 terms
Water-resistant
A label meaning a material repels some water but is not fully waterproof.
Read more about Water-resistant
In everyday use
Check the stated exposure limits and care instructions; resistance to splashes may not cover soaking.
Related terms
Waterless grooming
Cleaning the coat without a full bath, using wipes, foams, or dry shampoos.
Read more about Waterless grooming
Also find this with: grooming wipes
In everyday use
This overlaps with no-rinse grooming. Check the intended use instead of assuming every wipe, foam, or powder is interchangeable.
Related terms
Waterproof
A claim that an item keeps water out under stated conditions. Check the limits for the material, seams and closures.
Read more about Waterproof
In everyday use
Look for the manufacturer’s test conditions and care instructions. The word alone does not explain whether the whole item can be submerged.
Related terms
Weight limit
The maximum weight a carrier, bed, or harness is designed to hold safely.
Read more about Weight limit
In everyday use
Compare your pet’s current weight with the maker’s limit, then check dimensions and fit separately.
Related terms
Weight management
Keeping a pet at a healthy weight through portion control, appropriate food, and activity.
Read more about Weight management
In everyday use
Ask for a realistic monitoring plan that accounts for food portions, treats, activity, and medical needs.
Related terms
Wet food
Canned or pouch pet food with high moisture content.
Read more about Wet food
In everyday use
Compare the feeding instructions and calories with other foods; a pouch and a scoop are not equivalent portions.
Related terms
Whelping
The process of a dog giving birth.
Read more about Whelping
In everyday use
Ask your veterinarian for a birth plan, signs requiring urgent help, and an after-hours contact before the expected date.
Related terms
Whisker fatigue
A popular term for proposed discomfort from repeated whisker contact, such as against a food bowl. Evidence for this explanation is limited.
Read more about Whisker fatigue
Also find this with: whisker stress
In everyday use
This popular explanation has limited research support. Do not attribute a new eating problem to bowl shape without assessment.
Related terms
Reference: Published study: Evaluation of whisker stress in cats.
Whisker stress
Another name for whisker fatigue, a proposed explanation for discomfort from whisker contact with limited research support.
Read more about Whisker stress
In everyday use
This is another name for whisker fatigue, not a separate established diagnosis. Bowl preference and illness need not be the same issue.
Related terms
Reference: Published study: Evaluation of whisker stress in cats.
Worming
Giving medication to treat or prevent intestinal worms, also called deworming.
Read more about Worming
Also find this with: deworming, dewormer
In everyday use
Confirm the target parasites, correct product, and schedule with your veterinary team rather than treating all wormers as interchangeable.
Related terms
X 2 terms
X-ray
An imaging test that uses radiation to look at bones and some internal structures.
Read more about X-ray
Also find this with: xray, x ray, radiography
In everyday use
The examination produces radiographs. Ask what question the images should answer and whether sedation is planned.
Related terms
Further terminology reading: Merck Veterinary Manual: glossary.
Xylitol toxicity
EMERGENCY TERMPoisoning from xylitol, a sweetener in sugar-free products that is highly dangerous to dogs.
Read more about Xylitol toxicity
What to do now
For suspected ingestion by a dog, call a veterinarian or animal poison service immediately and keep the product packaging.
Related terms
Reference: FDA: xylitol is dangerous for dogs.
Y 3 terms
Yawning stress signal
Yawning outside of tiredness can be a sign a pet is feeling unsure or stressed.
Read more about Yawning stress signal
In everyday use
Interpret yawning alongside the situation and other body language; tiredness and stress cannot be separated by one gesture alone.
Related terms
Yeast infection
An overgrowth of yeast on the skin or in the ears, often causing itching and a musty odor.
Read more about Yeast infection
In everyday use
Ask how yeast was identified and whether another skin or ear problem also needs attention.
Related terms
Further terminology reading: Merck Veterinary Manual: glossary.
Yowling
A long, loud vocalization that can signal mating behavior, distress, confusion, or discomfort.
Read more about Yowling
In everyday use
Record when the vocalizing happens and what else has changed, especially with a new pattern in an older cat.
Related terms
Z 3 terms
Zinc toxicity
URGENT VETERINARY ADVICEPoisoning from swallowing zinc, found in items like coins and some creams; it can be serious.
Read more about Zinc toxicity
What to do now
Suspected swallowing of a zinc-containing item needs prompt veterinary or poison-service advice; bring the item details if available.
Related terms
Zoomies
Sudden bursts of frantic running and spinning, a normal way for pets to release energy.
Read more about Zoomies
In everyday use
Notice when these bursts happen and provide a clear, safe space; a sudden unusual pattern merits discussion.
Related terms
Zoonotic disease
A disease that can pass between animals and people, such as ringworm or rabies.
Read more about Zoonotic disease
In everyday use
Ask your veterinary team which hygiene and contact precautions apply to the particular infection and household.
Related terms
Further terminology reading: Merck Veterinary Manual: glossary.
What brought you here?
Start with a familiar question, or search for the word you need.
“Which brush does what?”
Understand coat layers, loose hair and tangles before choosing your next question.
UndercoatSlicker brushMatting“What did that word mean?”
Make sense of terms you may hear in a veterinary conversation.
AcuteChronicPrognosis“What should I look for?”
Decode food labels and the care words that come up at home.
Food-label termsLitter box aversionEnrichmentA PAWPAMPERING VISUAL REFERENCE
Know the coat. Know the term.
A double coat has outer guard hairs and a softer undercoat. This schematic shows the difference; it is not a diagnostic test for coat type.
Coat anatomy reading: VCA Animal Hospitals. Illustration created for PawPampering.
Shedding or hair loss?
Shedding releases old hair. Alopecia describes thinning or missing hair. New bald patches or irritated skin deserve veterinary attention.
Deshedding or dematting?
Deshedding removes loose hair. Dematting addresses tangles. Tight mats call for a groomer’s assessment rather than forceful brushing.
Which tool fits?
Compare slicker brushes, pin brushes, and undercoat rakes. Start with coat structure and condition, not just length.
One printable page with the diagram, key distinctions, and three questions for your groomer. You may share the complete, unaltered PawPampering sheet with its source credit intact. Contact us about other reuse.
Need help identifying the coat? Try the dog coat quiz.
About this glossary
This glossary explains words and helps you prepare questions. It does not diagnose a pet or prescribe treatment. Michael is not presented as a veterinarian.
Sources are listed beside relevant entries. Questions and examples help you talk with a professional; they are not instructions for treating your pet. Common words may have more than one meaning, so check the context on your pet’s records.
Editorial update: September 25, 2026. Entries include plain-English definitions, individually written context, and selected sources. Research uncertainty is identified where relevant. Product and grooming labels can vary between manufacturers and professionals. Veterinary review of the complete glossary has not been completed.
Found an error or a missing term? Send a correction or suggest a term, including the entry link and a supporting reference if available.
References and further reading
- Merck Veterinary Manual: glossary
- Merck Veterinary Manual: behavioral terminology
- Merck Veterinary Manual: controlled exposure and behavior modification
- VCA Animal Hospitals: coat and skin appearance
- American Kennel Club: grooming tools and supplies
- American College of Veterinary Surgeons: pyometra
- American College of Veterinary Surgeons: gastric dilatation-volvulus
- Published study: Evaluation of whisker stress in cats
- Cornell Feline Health Center: lower urinary tract disease
- FDA: xylitol is dangerous for dogs
- FDA: potentially dangerous items for pets
- AVMA: pet first aid (PDF)
- FTC: environmental marketing claims
- Cornell Feline Health Center: feeding your cat
- AVMA: feline panleukopenia and the distemper distinction (PDF)
- VCA: anesthesia for dogs
- VCA: sedation and anesthesia
- FDA: complete and balanced pet food
- VCA: blood and urine testing for cats
Sources support the linked topic or provide further terminology reading. Owner questions are conversation prompts, not individual care plans. Linking to a source does not mean its authors reviewed or endorsed PawPampering.